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Oracle open-sourced a project named Helidon which is a collection of libraries for building Microservice based applications.
Helidon provides two programming models for developers.
helidon-se embraces Reactive Streams specification, and provides functional style programming experience.
For those familiar with Java EE/MicroProfile specifications, helidon-mp provides MicroProfile compatibility, it is easy to update yourself to Helidon.
For the above cases, Helidon provides two Maven archetypes for generating the project skeleton in seconds. Follow the Getting Started guide of the official docs, it is easy to create a Helidon project via these Maven archetypes in seconds.
Firstly, make sure you have installed all items mentioned in the prerequisites, next let’s try to create your first Helidon project.
In this post, we will create Helidon SE project for demonstration purpose. In comparison, I will share my experience of Helidon MP in another post. I am also a newbie of Helidon ):.
Open your terminal, run the following command to generate a project from Helidon SE archetype.
mvn archetype:generate -DinteractiveMode=false \
-DarchetypeGroupId=io.helidon.archetypes \
-DarchetypeArtifactId=helidon-quickstart-se \
-DarchetypeVersion=0.10.0 \
-DgroupId=io.helidon.examples \
-DartifactId=quickstart-se \
-Dpackage=io.helidon.examples.quickstart.se
After it is done, a new folder named quickstart-se will be created in the current folder, which contains the skeleton codes of this project.
In your terminal, switch to the newly created quickstart-se folder, run the following command to build the project.
mvn clean package
When it is finished, you will see there is a jar quickstart-se.jar generated in the target folder.
Run the application via:
$ java -jar target/quickstart-se.jar
[DEBUG] (main) Using Console logging
2018.09.19 15:40:34 INFO io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent Thread[main,5,main]: Your platform does not provide complete low-level API for accessing direct buffers reliably. Unless explicitly requested, heap buffer will always be preferred to avoid potential system instability.
2018.09.19 15:40:36 INFO io.helidon.webserver.netty.NettyWebServer Thread[nioEventLoopGroup-2-1,10,main]: Channel '@default' started: [id: 0xdb9f4bd1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080]
WEB server is up! http://localhost:8080
Let’s test the sample API using curl command.
curl http://localhost:8080/greet
{"message":"Hello World!"}
curl http://localhost:8080/greet/Hantsy
{"message":"Hello Hantsy!"}
curl -X PUT http://localhost:8080/greet/greeting/Hantsy
{"greeting":"Hantsy"}
Import the source codes into your favorite IDE(Intellij IDEA, Eclipse, Apache NetBeans etc), expands all nodes, the project structure looks like this.
.
├── pom.xml
├── README.md
└── src
├── main
│ ├── docker
│ │ └── Dockerfile
│ ├── java
│ │ └── io
│ │ └── helidon
│ │ └── examples
│ │ └── quickstart
│ │ └── se
│ │ ├── GreetService.java
│ │ ├── Main.java
│ │ └── package-info.java
│ ├── k8s
│ │ └── app.yaml
│ └── resources
│ ├── application.yaml
│ └── logging.properties
└── test
└── java
└── io
└── helidon
└── examples
└── quickstart
└── se
└── MainTest.java
In the pom.xml file, it defines a maven-dependency-plugin plugin to copy all its dependencies into target/libs folder, and package this project into a single thin jar file by maven-jar-plugin. When you ran java -jar quickstart-se.jar, it will search classpaths in the libs folder.
maven-jar-plugin specifies io.helidon.examples.quickstart.se.Main as main class, which is responsible for bootstrapping the application.
In the io.helidon.examples.quickstart.se.Main file, there is a main method, which handles the following things:
WebServer instance via WebServer.create, which accepts a ServerConfiguration and a Routing instance as arguments.start the web server, setup a hook when it is started.shutdown hook to listen the web server when it is stopped.The createRouting method configures the routing rules, here it connects /greet uri prefix to GreetService. The GreetService is an implementation of io.helidon.webserver.Service, its update method defines its own routine rules.
As an example, we reuse the blog application concept which I have used to demonstrate different technologies, check the sample codes for Spring and Java EE from My github account.
Let’s start with cooking the Post APIs, the expected APIs are listed below.
| URI | request | response | description |
|---|---|---|---|
| /posts | GET | 200, [{id:’1’, title:’title’}, {id:’2’, title:’title 2’}] | Get all posts |
| /posts | POST {title:’title’,content:’content’} | 201, set new created entity url in Location header | Create a new post |
| /posts/{id} | GET | {id:’1’, title:’title’,content:’content’} | Get a post by id |
| /posts/{id} | PUT {title:’title’,content:’content’} | 204, no content | Update specific post by id |
| /posts/{id} | DELETE | 204, no content | Delete a post by id |
Firstly, create a Post class which represents the post entries.
public class Post implements Serializable {
String id;
String title;
String content;
LocalDateTime createdAt;
public static Post of(String title, String content){
Post post = new Post();
post.setId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
post.setCreatedAt(LocalDateTime.now());
post.setTitle(title);
post.setContent(content);
return post;
}
// omits setters and getters, toString
}
The of method provides a factory to create a new post quickly.
Create a dummy PostRepository for retrieving from and saving into database, currently I used a ConcurrentHashMap instead of a real world data storage.
public class PostRepository {
static Map<String, Post> data = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
static {
Post first = Post.of("Hello Helidon", "My first post of Helidon");
Post second = Post.of("Hello Again, Helidon", "My second post of Helidon");
data.put(first.getId(), first);
data.put(second.getId(), second);
}
public List<Post> all() {
return new ArrayList<>(data.values());
}
public Post getById(String id) {
return data.get(id);
}
public Post save(Post post) {
data.put(post.getId(), post);
return post;
}
public void deleteById(String id) {
data.remove(id);
}
}
Create a PostService to handle Post requests.
public class PostService implements Service {
private final static Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(PostService.class.getName());
private final PostRepository posts;
public PostService(PostRepository posts) {
this.posts = posts;
}
@Override
public void update(Routing.Rules rules) {
rules.get("/", this::getAllPosts)
.post("/", this::savePost)
.get("/{id}", this::getPostById)
.put("/{id}", this::updatePost)
.delete("/{id}", this::deletePostById);
}
private void deletePostById(ServerRequest serverRequest, ServerResponse serverResponse) {
this.posts.deleteById(serverRequest.path().param("id"));
serverResponse.status(204).send();
}
private void updatePost(ServerRequest serverRequest, ServerResponse serverResponse) {
Post post = this.posts.getById(serverRequest.path().param("id"));
serverRequest.content().as(JsonObject.class)
.thenApply(EntityUtils::fromJsonObject)
.thenApply(p -> {
post.setTitle(p.getTitle());
post.setContent(p.getContent());
return post;
})
.thenApply(this.posts::save)
.thenCompose(
p -> serverResponse.status(204).send()
);
}
private void savePost(ServerRequest serverRequest, ServerResponse serverResponse) {
serverRequest.content().as(JsonObject.class)
.thenApply(EntityUtils::fromJsonObject)
.thenApply(p ->
Post.of(p.getTitle(), p.getContent())
)
.thenApply(this.posts::save)
.thenCompose(
p -> {
serverResponse.status(201)
.headers()
.location(URI.create("/posts/" + p.getId()));
return serverResponse.send();
}
);
}
private void getPostById(ServerRequest serverRequest, ServerResponse serverResponse) {
Post post = this.posts.getById(serverRequest.path().param("id"));
serverResponse.status(200).send(EntityUtils.toJsonObject(post));
}
private void getAllPosts(ServerRequest serverRequest, ServerResponse serverResponse) {
serverResponse.send(EntityUtils.toJsonArray(this.posts.all()));
}
}
Note: Currently Helidon only supports JSON-P for transforming JSON data automatically. As you see in the above codes, you have to convert your data into a JSON-P specific
JsonObjectorJsonArray.
Register it in the Main class.
private static Routing createRouting() {
//...
.register("/posts", new PostService(new PostRepository()))
// .build();
}
Run the application by run Main class in your IDE. Let’s have a try with our new created post APIs.
Get all posts.
curl -v -X GET http://localhost:8080/posts
Note: Unnecessary use of -X or --request, GET is already inferred.
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8080 (#0)
> GET /posts HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.55.1
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Content-Type: application/json
< Date: Fri, 21 Sep 2018 21:27:15 +0800
< transfer-encoding: chunked
< connection: keep-alive
<
[{"id":"7150f8de-4377-4bf7-8c6f-049d5b822c1c","title":"Hello Helidon","content":"My first post of Helidon","createdAt":"2018-09-21T21:24:12.965"},{"id":"1c60fbb1-785c-4463-9e27-a0dcf771d66e","title":"Hello Again, Helidon","content":"My second post of Helidon","createdAt":"2018-09-21T21:24:12.965"}]* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
Get post by id.
curl -v -X GET http://localhost:8080/posts/7150f8de-4377-4bf7-8c6f-049d5b822c1c
Note: Unnecessary use of -X or --request, GET is already inferred.
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8080 (#0)
> GET /posts/7150f8de-4377-4bf7-8c6f-049d5b822c1c HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.55.1
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Content-Type: application/json
< Date: Fri, 21 Sep 2018 21:27:55 +0800
< transfer-encoding: chunked
< connection: keep-alive
<
{"id":"7150f8de-4377-4bf7-8c6f-049d5b822c1c","title":"Hello Helidon","content":"My first post of Helidon","createdAt":"2018-09-21T21:24:12.965"}* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
Create a new Post.
curl -v -X POST http://localhost:8080/posts -d "{\"title\":\"My test post\", \"content\":\"Content of my test post\"}" -H "Content-Type:application/json"
Note: Unnecessary use of -X or --request, POST is already inferred.
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8080 (#0)
> POST /posts HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.55.1
> Accept: */*
> Content-Type:application/json
> Content-Length: 61
>
* upload completely sent off: 61 out of 61 bytes
< HTTP/1.1 201 Created
< Date: Fri, 21 Sep 2018 21:29:28 +0800
< Location: /posts/cec239d7-f6da-48ff-ab42-9e6a4416d7f0
< transfer-encoding: chunked
< connection: keep-alive
<
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
The new created Post can be fetched by URL specified in the responseLocation header.
Verify if it is created successfully.
curl -v -X GET http://localhost:8080/posts
Note: Unnecessary use of -X or --request, GET is already inferred.
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8080 (#0)
> GET /posts HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.55.1
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Content-Type: application/json
< Date: Fri, 21 Sep 2018 21:29:58 +0800
< transfer-encoding: chunked
< connection: keep-alive
<
[{"id":"cec239d7-f6da-48ff-ab42-9e6a4416d7f0","title":"My test post","content":"Content of my test post","createdAt":"2018-09-21T21:29:28.285"},{"id":"7150f8de-4377-4bf7-8c6f-049d5b822c1c","title":"Hello Helidon","content":"My first post of Helidon","createdAt":"2018-09-21T21:24:12.965"},{"id":"1c60fbb1-785c-4463-9e27-a0dcf771d66e","title":"Hello Again, Helidon","content":"My second post of Helidon","createdAt":"2018-09-21T21:24:12.965"}]* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
Delete a post by id.
curl -v -X DELETE http://localhost:8080/posts/cec239d7-f6da-48ff-ab42-9e6a4416d7f0
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8080 (#0)
> DELETE /posts/cec239d7-f6da-48ff-ab42-9e6a4416d7f0 HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.55.1
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
< Date: Fri, 21 Sep 2018 21:30:46 +0800
< connection: keep-alive
<
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
Verify if the post is deleted.
curl -v -X GET http://localhost:8080/posts
Note: Unnecessary use of -X or --request, GET is already inferred.
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8080 (#0)
> GET /posts HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.55.1
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Content-Type: application/json
< Date: Fri, 21 Sep 2018 21:31:24 +0800
< transfer-encoding: chunked
< connection: keep-alive
<
[{"id":"7150f8de-4377-4bf7-8c6f-049d5b822c1c","title":"Hello Helidon","content":"My first post of Helidon","createdAt":"2018-09-21T21:24:12.965"},{"id":"1c60fbb1-785c-4463-9e27-a0dcf771d66e","title":"Hello Again, Helidon","content":"My second post of Helidon","createdAt":"2018-09-21T21:24:12.965"}]* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
Imagine a user can comment on a certain post, we can add the following comment APIs.
| Uri | Http Method | Request | Response | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /posts/{id}/comments | GET | 200, [{‘id’:1, ‘content’:’comment content’},{}] | Get all comments of the certain post | |
| /posts/{id}/comments | POST | {‘content’:’test content’} | 201 | Create a new comment of the certain post |
Like building the Post APIs, create a Comment class for presenting the comment entity.
public class Comment implements Serializable {
private String id;
private String post;
private String content;
private LocalDateTime createdAt;
public static Comment of(String postId, String content) {
Comment comment = new Comment();
comment.setId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
comment.setContent(content);
comment.setCreatedAt(LocalDateTime.now());
comment.setPost(postId);
return comment;
}
// omits setters and getters, etc
}
Create a CommentRepository for data operation.
public class CommentRepository {
static Map<String, Comment> data = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
public List<Comment> all() {
return new ArrayList<>(data.values());
}
public Comment getById(String id) {
return data.get(id);
}
public Comment save(Comment comment) {
data.put(comment.getId(), comment);
return comment;
}
public void deleteById(String id) {
data.remove(id);
}
public List<Comment> allByPostId(String id) {
return data.values().stream().filter(c -> c.getPost().equals(id)).collect(toList());
}
}
And a CommentService class for handling requests.
public class CommentService implements Service{
private final static Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(CommentService.class.getName());
private final CommentRepository comments;
public CommentService(CommentRepository commentRepository) {
this.comments = commentRepository;
}
@Override
public void update(Routing.Rules rules) {
rules.get("/", this::getAllComments)
.post("/", Handler.of(JsonObject.class, this::saveComment, this::errorHandler));
}
private void errorHandler(ServerRequest serverRequest, ServerResponse serverResponse, Throwable throwable) {
if (throwable instanceof CommentBodyCanNotBeEmptyException) {
serverResponse.status(400).send();
} else {
serverRequest.next(throwable);
}
}
private void getAllComments(ServerRequest serverRequest, ServerResponse serverResponse) {
String postId = serverRequest.path().absolute().param("id");
LOGGER.info("comments of post id::" + postId);
serverResponse.send(this.toJsonArray(this.comments.allByPostId(postId)));
}
private void saveComment(ServerRequest serverRequest, ServerResponse serverResponse, JsonObject content) {
String postId = serverRequest.path().absolute().param("id");
String body = content.get("content") == null ? null : content.getString("content");
if (body == null) {
serverRequest.next(new CommentBodyCanNotBeEmptyException());
}
CompletableFuture.completedFuture(content)
.thenApply(c -> Comment.of(postId, body))
.thenApply(this.comments::save)
.thenCompose(
c -> {
serverResponse.status(201)
.headers()
.location(URI.create("/posts/" + postId + "/comments/" + c.getId()));
return serverResponse.send();
}
);
}
private JsonObject toJsonObject(Comment comment) {
return Json.createObjectBuilder()
.add("id", comment.getId())
.add("post", comment.getPost())
.add("content", comment.getContent())
.add("createdAt", comment.getCreatedAt().toString())
.build();
}
private JsonArray toJsonArray(List<Comment> comments) {
JsonArrayBuilder jsonArrayBuilder = Json.createArrayBuilder();
comments.forEach(p -> {
jsonArrayBuilder.add(toJsonObject(p));
});
return jsonArrayBuilder.build();
}
}
Register it as a sub service under PostService.
@Override
public void update(Routing.Rules rules) {
//...
.register("/{id}/comments", new CommentService(new CommentRepository()));
}
Note: In the
CommentService, we have to usepath().absolute().param()to get the param in the parent path,path().param()will return null when you try to get post id in the parent path.
In your Service, you can send error to client directly via WebResponse.send if there is an exception or an error occurred.
And you can also use WebRequest.next to pass the exception to the downstream to handle it later.
In this example, define an exception named PostNotFoundException.
public class PostNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
public PostNotFoundException(String id) {
super("Post:" + id + " was not found!");
}
}
When a post is not found by id, try to pass the PostNotFoundException to the downstream.
String id = serverRequest.path().param("id");
Post post = this.posts.getById(id);
if (post == null) {
serverRequest.next(new PostNotFoundException(id));
}
serverResponse.status(200).send(EntityUtils.toJsonObject(post));
In the Main class, handle the exception in the createRouting method.
private static Routing createRouting() {
return Routing.builder()
//...
.error(Throwable.class, handleErrors())
.build();
}
private static ErrorHandler<Throwable> handleErrors() {
return (req, res, t) -> {
if (t instanceof PostNotFoundException) {
res.status(404).send(((PostNotFoundException) t).getMessage());
} else {
req.next(t);
}
};
}
Starts the application, use curl to check if the error handling is worked as expected.
curl -v http://localhost:8080/posts/noneExisting
* Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8080 (#0)
> GET /posts/noneExisting HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.55.1
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
< Content-Type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8
< Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2018 14:53:56 +0800
< transfer-encoding: chunked
< connection: keep-alive
<
Post:noneExisting was not found!* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
Get the source codes from my github, and play it yourself.